Amit Kumar

There are so many different types of computer networks in existence; it can be hard to understand the differences between them, particularly the ones with very similar-sounding names. This lesson explains the structures and functions of some of the most popular computer networks. Types of Networks There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks can be characterized by their size as well as their purpose. The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy and the number of computers that are part of the network. Networks can cover anything from a handful of devices within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire globe. Some of the different networks based on size are: Personal area network, or PAN Local area network, or LAN Metropolitan area network, or MAN Wide area network, or WAN In terms of purpose, many networks can be considered general purpose, which means they are used f

Types of Network Connections Computer networks can be broken down historically into topology , which is a technique of connecting computers. The most common topology today is a collapsed ring. This is due to the success of a network protocol called the Ethernet. This protocol, or network language, supports the Internet, Local Area Networks, and Wide Area Networks. Star Topology A star topology is a design of a network where a central node extends a cable to each computer on the network. On a star network, computers are connected independently to the center of the network. If a cable is broken, the other computers can operate without problems. A star topology requires a lot of cabling. Bus Topology A bus topology is another type of design where a single cable connects all computers and the information intended for the last node on the network must run through each connected computer. If a cable is broken, all computers connected down the line cannot reach the network. The be

A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared resources can include a printer or a file server.   A  computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to share information and resources. Characteristics of a Computer Network:- ·         Share resources from one computer to another. ·         Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the other computer(s) connected over the network. ·         Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the network and let other computers of the network use the machines available over the network. A  computer network  is a set of connected computers. Computers on a network are called  nodes . The connection between computers can be done via cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or wireless through radio waves. Connect

Computer memory   is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. And hierarchy means a system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority is called hierarchy. So we can say that “In computer architecture the  memory hierarchy is a concept used to discuss performance issues in computer architectural design, The memory hierarchy in computer storage separates each of its levels based on response time.” Register: - A processor  register  (CPU  register ) is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of the computer processor. ... For example, an instruction may specify that the contents of two defined registers  be added together and then placed in a specified  register . Cache memory:- - Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and p

Memory is an essential elements of computer system memory can be defined as "devices used to stored data instruction program and processed it inside the computer system . A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. In other word we can say that "Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently". Computer memory is three types:- 1. Cache memory 2. Primary memory 3. Secondary memory. 1. cache Memory - Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU.  Advantages The advantages of cache memory are as follows − Cache memory is faster than main me

The development of computer has been very rapid in the last 60 years. The development has been in five distinct stages and each stage is called as generation. There are totally five computer generations.    the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. types of computer generation :- 1. First generation :-The First generation started from 1946 with ENIAC. It was the first fully automatic electronic computer. It was constructed at the Moore school of engineering of the university of Pennsylvania (USA) by a design team led by professor J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The main component of this generation was vacuum tubes.In the ENIAC used 18000 vacuum tubes. ADVANTAGE 1. Vacuum tubes ware the only electronic component available. 2. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of that time. 3. Vacuum tubes techno

Computers of all sizes have common characteristics - speed, arithmetical and logical operations, accuracy, reliability, storage, retrieving data and programs, automation, versatility, communications, diligence, feelings, consistency and precision. Computers are the foundation of business, travel, and leisure life today. Computers provide the processing speed required by all facets of society. The quick service we expect at the bank, at the grocery store, on the stock exchange, and on the Internet are dependent on the speed of computers.    Computers are extremely reliable as well. Most errors are caused by humans, not computers. Computers are capable of storing enormous amounts of data that must be located and retrieved very quickly. The capability to store and retrieve volumes of data is at the core of the Information Age. Now-a-days computer is playing a main role in everyday life it has become the need of people just like television, telephone or other electronic devices at home.

Number system :- This is the medium by which we can represent the number into equivalent of different format when we type some letter or word the computer translate them a number because computer can understood only number. Types of number system      Positional number system      Non positional number system   Positional Number System: In positional number system, there are only a few symbols called digits, and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number. The value of each digit in such a number is determined by three considerations__ 1.        The digit. 2.        The position of the digit in the number. 3.        The base of the number system. Non-Positional Number System:  In the non-positional number systems, the characters used are I for 1, II for 2, etc, and are of position invariant, i.e. each symbol represents the same value regardless of its position in the number. Since it is very difficult to per

A block diagram of computer is also called basic diagram of computer or basic building block of computer A block diagram of computer consists three sub unit that is  1. Input unit :- input unit is the set of various unit devices into a computer system input unit can be defined as "devices by which user can inset the data into a computer system is called input devices.     In other word we can say that "devices by which user can send the data into a computer system. Example of input devices are :- Keyboard, Mouse,Joystick etc. 2. Storage Unit - Storage unit is also called memory unit , Memory unit deals with the set of various memory devices into a computer system memory unit can be defined as "devices to store data instruction program and processed it inside the computer system."  I.  ALU :-   A n arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental b

Any digital computer carried out difference function :-    1. Takes data from user through input device.(Input unit)          2. Process the data through processing unit (Processing unit)     3. Store the data through storing device (memory unit)      4. Get desired output through (Output unit)         5.  Control all over four operation (Control unit) So we can say that computer functioned depend on their essential devices, these device are                         1. Input unit                                    2. Processing unit + Control unit ( CPU)                       3. Memory unit                                          4. Output unit

Computer is an electronic device its work with the help of  1. Data 2. Process 3. Information 1.  Data  :- Data is a fractional part of information some time data has meaning or meaningless if data has meaning then meaning couldn't affect to human beings. 2 .  Process: -  A set of steps carried out the refined data is called process in      processing  in processing computer convert data into information. 3.  Information:-  collection of data is called information when its meaning effect to human beings.